The article provides an interesting case for why and how podcasting can contribute to development, but unfortunately we are still waiting for real world examples. The Peruvian project discussed, for example, was piloted in 2006 and doesn’t appear to have been active since then.

The session report and a few photos that were included on the CD are below, along with a link to the full WEMF III report.

WEMF website (where you can find the full report)

SESSION 6: ROLE OF ‘OWN-TIME MEDIA’/‘ANY-PLACE MEDIA’ IN THE SERVICE FOR DEVELOPMENT – MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

A rapidly growing number of people in the OECD countries listen to radio content of their choice through podcasts on their iPods or other MP3 players. This allows them to have access to high quality content in the area of their specific interest and at a time and place that doesn’t conflict with their work and obligations. What about the developing world? Is there a scope to use MP3 players beyond urban music consumption, particularly to make specific high quality content available to the poor and people in remote areas? What could be the role of public service broadcasters who have a competitive advantage in providing trusted high quality content? The panelists discussed some encouraging first lessons and trends in a global and local context that is shaped by media convergence.

The chairman for Session 6 was Dr Abdul Waheed Khan, Assistant Director-General for Communication and Information, UNESCO and the panel, in order of speaking were:

• Ms Lucy Hooberman, Innovation Executive, Research and Innovation, BBC Future Media and technology
• Ms Seema B. Nair, Project Leader UNESCO India
• Mr Bruce Girard, Expert in community radio and local media, Comunica
• Ms Kristine Pearson, Chief Executive, Freeplay Foundation

Dr Abdul Waheed Khan opened the session with a reference to the revolution in information and communication technology which in the last 20 years had led to an explosion with Internet radio, pod casting ‘and all kinds of other ….castings’ in the 21 st century.

He noted that in a previous session Nigel Parsons had referred to a ‘renaissance’ for radio as the priority medium for information and access by the poor. The order of priority of access to technologies in poorer counties was first radio, secondly television then mobile telephony and finally the Internet. In rich counties users had access to all of these. It had also been mentioned in a previous session that mobile telephony had become more commonplace even in developing countries.

Internationally there was a trend from real time to ‘my time’; However Dr Abdul Waheed Khan asked whether this was commonplace or only true for the developed countries.

Ms Lucy Hooberman said that in a previous day’s session her colleague Richard Porter had mentioned that the BBC World Services was now in its 75 th year. However she pointed out that the BBC was only now celebrating 10 years of Internet presence with bbc.co.uk.

Research had shown that some 12 million people in the UK owned an MP3 player and of these 2 million claimed to have made use of them for podcasts. Most people were actually subscribing to podcasts rather than searching around and the most popular service had been found to be iTunes.

A radio podcasting trial had been run to assess audience demand for programming and the team’s ability to maintain a service to the public. Happily the trial had been very popular and had now become a service.
Although podcasting was still a niche activity it was growing, but it was constrained in that it required an effort on the part of users to subscribe, to download and to organise themselves to use the service.

For the BBC podcasting was part of a journey to make its content available any time, any place. It was also a part of the BBC’s commitment to helping the public understand how to get the most out of their licence fee and to become ‘digital citizens’.

Ms Hooberman cautioned that, once an organisation went down this route, there were a lot of things to think about. Opening up to the public and allowing the public to discuss and contribute content, although a very good step to take, was also a very big step which made very great demands on staff and their time.

An important task was to work with the public on media literacy as it could not be taken for granted that all new developments would be immediately understandable to everybody. For a very large organisation, that applied to the staff as well as the public. There was a job of work to be done to help people to change their styles of work from simply broadcasting to an audience to having a relationship with ‘the people formerly known as the audience’ but who were now content creators, co-creators and discussants on all aspects of content. This had relevance to the subject of the ‘public sphere’.

Ms Hooberman gave a few examples, the first being a pair of blogs, one for teachers and one for students, set up by the BBC World Service, for teaching English around the world. The dialogues had been found to be quite powerful.

‘Pods and Blogs’ was a BBC Radio 5 programme which made a major attempt to explain to the public the nature of pods and blogs, to review the blogosphere and to engage the public in discussion.

The iPM programme (http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/ipm/) allowed possibilities for the audience to contribute content. An interesting feature was that the programme’s advanced running order was published at the planning stage so that, by the time the programmes went to air, users could actually see the changes to which they may have contributed.

Ms Seema B Nair said her work at UNESCO involved visiting communities concerning ICT and community radio initiatives across Asia. Typically it was seen that there were enormous problems of lack of access, lack of infrastructure, problems of literacy and a cultural diversity which did not allow centralised content. As a result of this there was no tried and tested model of anytime media.

UNESCO had tried to integrate rather than push technology. A good model of this was the eTUKTUK initiative in Kothmale, Sri Lanka. A tuktuk was a common type of three wheeled transport in South Asia. A lot of technology had been loaded into the vehicle including a laptop computer, a CDMA enabled Internet connection and a generator to allow the vehicle to operate in areas without electricity.
Kothmale community radio was perched on a hill with only two buses per day. It was therefore very difficult for access by members of the audience who might wish to participate in programming; eTUKTUK was a way of bringing the radio station out of the studio and into community.

In the region the majority Tamil community worked in the tea estates and, because of lack of literacy, access and education had virtually no voice in radio programming. With the commencement of the eTUKTUK initiative a variety of content was created from within the villages. The community provided themes and campaigns rather than one-off programmes. Amongst others there were campaigns against corruption, concerning health matters and for good access to drinking water.
Starting from radio the communities began looking to the computer to translate topics into short digital video stories using photographs and brief video clips. These had great impact in forcing the community to go beyond identifying problems to considering how those problems might be practically solved.

Ms Nair suggested that the Kothmale experience had shown that the use of one medium alone might not get the involvement of the community and so ‘radio browsing’ evolved where a presenter would browse the Internet for information during the programme. This technique had spread to television and Ms Nair described how a presenter, talking about HIV/AIDS, had demonstrated how to browse the Internet in conjunction with the content, thus teaching the audience about the practical value and use of the Internet.

Ms Nair concluded by suggesting that much as the discussion was about technology and how to use technology for development, it was vital to consider aspects that were crucial to the community and to focus on not just making content for them but getting them to make their own content. Only then would the activity be sustainable in the long term.

Mr Bruce Girard was pleased to note that technology was catching up with what community radio had been doing since it started broadcasting 50 years ago. User generated content, citizen journalism, narrow casting and participation in every sense of the word had been at the very roots of community radio since the first stations were set up in the late 1940s.

Community radio stations were owned by their communities with participation as the essential key. This included participation in production, in feedback and in determining the editorial policy of the station. This appeared to go way beyond what had been allowed on the Internet so far.

Participation was a key and radio stations were now making the Internet an essential part of what they did. They were making very effective use of the Internet and mobile telephony in several ways:

1) Information and news gathering – Even though not everyone had access, literacy or linguistic skills or the skill to use search engines effectively, community radio stations were playing an intermediary role and the radio and the Internet could work together. Community radio journalists with an intimate knowledge of the community and technical knowledge of the Internet used the Net as a source of information. They searched for relevant information and then translated and contextualised it so it could be used by the community.

2) Networking – At the second conference of the World Association of Community Broadcasters (AMARC) in 1986, participants had voted to ask the board to look into the possibility of setting up an international news agency. AMARC was unable to comply at the time because just the basic infrastructure would have cost many millions of dollars. Ten years later, in 1996, Púlsar began operation as an Internet-based news agency offering news in text and audio formats to hundreds of radio stations in Latin America. Now community radio stations that were previously isolated had access to low-cost networks for exchanging news and audio programmes and for designing and implementing national and international campaigns.

3) Interaction and community participation – Radio stations had been able to harness the rapid increase in use of mobile phones to enable new ways of community participation via vois and SMS messages. Where previously listeners might have had to travel for hours to reach the station to ask a question or make a comment, they could now call.

Mr Girard felt strongly that an iPod with earphones wasn’t something that would bring people out of isolation. He considered podcasting not to be broadcasting but a distinct platform with different uses from broadcasting. One of community broadcasting’s biggest challenges was to take people out of their isolation, but podcasting, at least as it was currently practised with iPods and earphones, could not do this.

Ms Kristine Pearson explained that the Freeplay Foundation was all about access to information for the very poorest people in sub-Saharan Africa where it had been her great privilege to work for the last 20 years.
Freeplay had started nine years ago with big black wind-up radios with great sound quality. One thousand of them had been given to child-headed households and had made a huge difference to the children of this large and vulnerable population to whom, surprisingly, the most popular programme was ‘the news’.

Ms Pearson asked what was the point of radio programming if people couldn’t listen to it. The Freeplay Foundation was all about access. In sub-Saharan Africa, electric power was limited and AA batteries were of low quality, toxic and too expensive. Batteries were also a gender issue since men were the only ones who had money, could afford batteries and thus operate radios. So how was programming to reach women and children?

Ms Pearson described the ‘Lifeline’ radio launched in 2003. The radio could use solar power or could be hand cranked and its design took into account the fact that the users did not have experience of technology. Environmental hazards were accounted for in the design including the fact that the cable had been found to be very popular with hungry goats. Some 160,000 units had been distributed. However, due to the communal nature of the audience, it could be estimated that the total audience might be a least 6 million listeners.

Showing the next innovation, the prototype of the ‘Lifeline MP3’, Ms Pearson said it was the latest development of the Lifeline radio. Colourfully and practically designed, every feature of the radio had had input from orphaned children on the premise that if it worked for children it would work for adults. This radio would be able to record programming or replay pre-recorded material via a USB slot on the radio which allowed it to be connected to an MP3 unit.

Ms Pearson concluded with the statement that “Where others talk first about content, we talk about access.”

Forum, Questions and Answers

The chairman summed up by noting that presentations had ranged from cutting edge innovations such as podcasting to three examples of people working at the grass roots level.

People did not develop technology with millennium development goals in mind and indeed there was near consensus on the belief that almost all the goals would not be met by 2015.

It was development planners and practitioners who examined new technologies and looked at how technological developments might benefit the task of meeting development goals. He asked Ms Hooberman for her views on how best we could apply technological development such as podcasting to developing countries.

Ms Hooberman responded that podcasting was just one of the ways of delivering content. However she felt that portability and miniaturisation were very important. She described how with an iPod one could plug in a microphone, record an interview with someone in the forum, call someone up in any part of the world and have a dialogue with them. The questions arose however as to whom that dialogue should be with and what its purpose would be. Certainly the tools were there but others needed to identify the goals which, in the shorter term, needed to be concentrated upon. Knowing this, the broadcast technologists could perhaps contribute towards meeting those goals.

Mr Javed Jabbar, Pakistan, suggested that in order to meet the ‘elusive’ millennium goals, quality of service, delivery, governance and social justice was very important. He asked if any of the projects were part of a larger programme with quantifiable goals and results; for example the reduction of child and maternal mortality rates etc related to the targets of the MDG.

Bruce Girard replied that this was a very important question and one which all who had been working in community development for years had been concerned about. The methodology of measuring impact was however difficult. Although he felt that he could not answer the question directly he referred to an encouraging example related by Mr James Deane concerning work in India where the BBC World Service Trust had 50 researchers doing just that kind of work. This was also happening in some very complicated places such as Afghanistan and Sudan. The compilation of all this information was the next objective and the results of this could be very valuable.

Kristine Pearson said that impact of information was woefully under-resourced and that appropriate distribution of funding was an issue. Listnership figures were important but there were serious weaknesses in surveys. For example in one survey a person who listened to a programme only once a month was considered to be a listener. Impact assessment required the audience to listen to the programme throughout the series. Control groups were also important.

Seema B Nair stressed the value of ‘before’, ‘during’ and ‘after’ evaluations of a programme. People in the community could be trained to play a part in this. It was important that the data must be seen to serve the people they referred to.

Dr Sreedher Ramamurthy from India quoted a positive example of impact which took place after campus radio broadcasts on HIV screening. Six months after the broadcasts a visiting UNICEF representative had asked students if they knew about tests for AIDS. The students said yes but that they were afraid to go for the tests themselves. However they agreed to go for the test if the UNICEF representative would go with them. Radio had clearly made an impact.

Mr Mark Selby of Nokia was delighted to hear that mobile phones were being used in combination with radio and said more than half Nokia’s mobile phones included a built in FM tuner. Many devices included MP3 capability and experiments had been done with visual radio and a recently launched Internet radio service.The panel was asked what other features they would like mobile phones to have.

Kristine Pearson replied that reduced power consumption to improve battery life, phones that were not ‘over-engineered’ and phones with larger screens and improvements to allow touch operation would help people with bad eyesight but who were too poor to afford glasses.

Bruce Girard added that devices designed for use in developed counties were not always suitable for those in developing countries and that phones which came with open source software were valuable since they made it possible for specialist end users to develop applications to solve their problems.

Seema B Nair said it would be valuable if telephones could include access in local languages and that she would like to see some kind of user interface for which illiteracy would not be a barrier to operation.

Mutasim Abdeldadir from Sudan related another positive experience in that, before programmes on UNICEF and UNESCO rural radio, girls had not been allowed to go to school after reaching nine years of age. Since exposure to radio programmes on the topic it has been noted that more girls were being allowed to attend school beyond that age. There had also been health education benefits. “Community radio comes first,” said Mutasim.

A delegate suggested that governments, especially in the region, did not like community radio since they found it threatening. Some authorities thought that a mobile phone in the hands of a reporter was a recipe for disaster. In India the BBC had trained female reporters who were not allowed to report. He asked what was being done to ensure that communities had access to programming and not just to filler music.

The chairman mentioned that, in India, he had asked for an increase in local radio as long as 32 years ago and now it was happening. It had taken all that time to succeed and it was true that governments often did not like freedom of expression and freedom of speech. The best hope was that media personnel should practice true principles and gain trust as professionals. Only then could they stand up, as they must, and exercise their rights.

Mr Sharad Sadhu, ABU said that it was impressive to see the Lifeline radio set but that in this part of the world there were also some very small hand cranked radios available, costing only a few dollars. UNESCO had also funded the transmission-cum-studio device known as ‘Radio-In–A-Box’, which could be seen on demonstration at the Global Knowledge Forum exhibition. This device could be very valuable for community radio. He had thought that community radio was for the empowerment of the community to make their own programmes in the way they wanted to make them. It now appeared that some of the approaches mentioned by the panel indicated something different. He asked if such intervention, for whatever reason, was in the true spirit of community radio.

Bruce Girard wondered if this arose from his reference to acting as an intermediary between the community and the Internet. However the people involved were from the community itself. In his view it was not something that had been imposed but something that was happening very organically and naturally and was very good.

Seema B Nair said that since ‘Any Time Any place’ was being discussed, it was a matter of available infrastructure There was no question of going against the principles of community radio but of ensuring a match between the technology and what the community wanted to do with it.

Mr Bayero Agabi from Africa Independent Television, Nigeria, said that in connection with using hand sets to transmit radio programming he had been expecting to hear more about regulatory problems. In Nigeria there were more telephone hand sets than radio sets and this might be a better tool to deliver radio. When a company had tried to deliver hand-held TV it had been obstructed by regulation. Mr Agabi suggested that although we referred to convergence, the greater challenge was to allow the converging technologies to operate freely and collaboratively. He had hoped that the panel would touch on this huge issue.

The eTUKTUK not only provides a travelling internet and voice service for the community, but also helps the radio station keep in close touch with community members and activities. According to Ben, community members often request the eTUKTUK to visit and “provide coverage of religious and cultural gatherings and facilitate forums and workshops.”

The itinerant vehicle encourages staff from Kothmale to actively engage with their target audience while the narrowcasting and editing facilities enable programs and training to be conducted in a familiar environment that encourages broader participation. The community can play an active role in media creation and through the loudspeakers and multimedia projector, content can be narrowcast and verified by the community before being broadcast.

Ben also writes that the eTUKTUK is influencing Kothmale’s programming:

[It] has generated a new program format at Kothmale where the etuktuk community programs are compiled into an daily program broadcast between 7-8pm which also provides live link-ups with the etuktuk in the field.

There are some videos of the eTUKTUK site, but you’d better have a good connection to see them – especially the one at the top of the page, Creating Harmony in the Community, which weighs in at 123 megs.

Download the chapter

In Mali broadcasters search the internet to find answers to listeners’ questions, translate them to local languages, and encourage discussion and learning around issues of public interest. Without the internet Mali’s rural radio stations used a handful of old books and last week’s newspaper as main sources of information, but with access and training they are able to find information on the internet and help discover solutions to community problems. They are only able to do this because visionary policies and programmes enabled community radio and provided them with internet access and training.

Technological developments have often been favourable to community radio. In the 1940s the introduction of FM technology in the United States made community radio possible because it allowed for more stations at a time when the AM dial was already filling up in urban areas. A few decades later, in the 1980s and 1990s, a new generation of community broadcasters was able to get on the air thanks to technological advances that dramatically reduced the cost of transmitters and production equipment.

But it would be a mistake to think that these developments, and many others, were solely technology-driven.

In the case of FM radio in the United States, community broadcasters starting up in the latter part of the century were only be able to make use of FM because a visionary policy adopted in 1945 reserved 20 percent of the new FM frequencies for non-commercial and educational broadcasting. Without this policy commercial broadcasting would have quickly monopolized FM and the left of the dial (the reserved frequencies are from 87.9 MHz – 92 MHz) would have sounded pretty much like the right.

Similarly the low-cost equipment introduced later only became a factor after policies adopted at the national level in many countries recognised the importance of local and community broadcasting, established licensing frameworks to allow it and policy mechanisms to support communities in their efforts to get on the air.(1)

A few key actors in the development community also played a role in this by supporting the research and advocacy efforts of community media associations struggling to establish their place on national policy agendas and helping new stations acquire equipment and training.

Over the past fifteen years government and donor policies have supported the emergence of thousands of community radio stations worldwide. There are now 150 community radio stations in South Africa, 150 in Peru, 850 in Colombia, 120 in Mali, twenty in Nepal (with another 45 due to start broadcasting in 2007), to name just a few countries where community radio is flourishing.

The technological developments that have had the most impact on community radio in more recent years have not used broadcast technology but rather other ICTs, especially the internet, digital audio formats that can travel across it(2), and mobile telephony. These technologies have seen tremendous advances in both their accessibility and usability.

In 1996 when we started the Púlsar(3) news agency in Latin America only the most technologically advanced community radio stations in the region had access to the internet, and they mostly used it to exchange emails with donors in Europe or North America. Despite the scepticism of donors and traditional media, broadcasters scrambled to find a way to access the new service and before long Púlsar had 1,000 subscribers. Today the internet and mobile telephones are part of the basic toolkit for many community radio stations.

Mobile telephones are community radio’s remote broadcasting units. For a community radio news team they are as useful as television’s ENG(4) trucks, but they cost less than $100 and are so simple to use that community members with phones can become empowered correspondents, commentators, and critics.

A connection to the internet can be used in multiple ways by a station to provide a better service to its community. In the book The One to Watch(5) we identified a number of ways that community radio and the internet converge to exploit synergies and address the needs and problems of their communities in new and powerful ways.

In Indonesia an internet-based radio news and programme exchange network put the concerns of poor and remote communities on the national agenda and helped create a democratic culture after years of authoritarian rule and censorship.

A community radio station in Sri Lanka became a community multimedia centre when it decided to build an internet café to share its internet connection with the community.

In Ecuador and Spain community radio stations use the internet to co-produce programmes that keep Ecuadorian migrants in contact with their communities and expose money transfer companies charging excessive commission to transfer remittances.

Over the past decade the international community and national governments have invested tremendous effort and expense in ICT for development projects. There have been countless seminars, studies and statements; national ICT policies have been drafted, discarded and redrafted; bilateral cooperation agencies, UN agencies, the G8, and the World Bank and the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) have spent many millions developing and implementing ICT4D policies and programmes.

Yet, despite the boom in community radio and the interest in ICTs, initiatives to link the two have been limited to the pilot projects of the type that have characterized ICT4D when what is needed are visionary policies and initiatives of the type that led to the emergence of community radio. These might include:

1) Support the growth of the community radio sector. A community radio station can be built and equipped for less than the cost of a single tower of a single mobile telephone network but it enables a dimension of public communication that telephony and the internet cannot.

2) Include community radio in universal service policies. In poor and remote communities radio is often the only medium available and it serves multiple purposes as a mass medium, a public forum, an emergency warning system, a school, a community telephone, and a primary point of contact with the rest of the country and the world. The action plan agreed at WSIS calls for all communities to have access to radio by 2015. To meet this target community radio will need to be included in universal service policies and be given access to the universal service funds usually reserved for telecom infrastructure development.

3) Community radio stations in poor and remote communities must have affordable and effective access to the internet. Achieving maximum impact with limited internet connectivity within such communities can best be accomplished by situating connections within the local community radio station, since the multiplier effect that the station can provide ensures that the benefits are felt in each household in the community.

4) Support the development of community triple play in under-served rural communities. Community-driven solutions are emerging in many parts of the world designed to extend networks to communities bypassed by traditional telecommunication networks and provide ICT services that meet the specific needs of poor and rural communities. In conjunction with community radio these networks and service providers can offer community triple play, locally-owned and managed operations providing radio, internet access, and voice over IP telephony. Evidence shows that when regulatory and other hurdles are removed, business models emerge that provide sustainable modern communication capabilities to poor and remote communities.

In The One to Watch I wrote:

It has been said that the internet is a window to the world — offering a view that encompasses a wealth of knowledge and information. Local radio is a mirror that reflects a community’s own knowledge and experience back at it. The convergence of the two just might offer us the most effective avenue we have yet known to combine research and reflection in order to harness knowledge for democratic and sustainable development.(6)

Four years have passed and we have yet to move much beyond anecdotes and the pilot projects. Only with vision and with policies such as the ones mentioned above will we be able to realise the potential offered by community radio and ICTs. It is time to move beyond watching the marvels of new ICTs and the potential they offer to people living in poverty when combined with community radio. It is time to get serious by becoming more strategic about putting in place policies and measures that genuinely release the energy of an ICT enabled community media sector.

Notes

(1) Government support takes many forms including making public funds available, but also simplifying the process of getting a licence. As long as frequencies are available, rural communities in Mali, for example, can get a community radio station licence by filling out a simple form.
(2) E.g. MP3, Realaudio, and the open source Ogg format.
(3) The Agencia Informativa P?lsar was the first major international initiative use the internet as a platform for a daily radio news service. www.agenciapulsar.org.
(4) Electronic News Gathering units, a crew and an equipped truck, send sound live sound and images back to the main studio for rebroadcast.
(5) The One to Watch: Radio, new ICTs and interactivity, Bruce Girard (ed), FAO, Rome 2003. Available online at www.comunica.org/1-2-watch.
(6) Ibid. p. 23